UK Justice Forum 🇬🇧
Disappeared and Abducted Children and Young Adults => Madeleine McCann (3) disappeared from her parent's holiday apartment at Ocean Club, Praia da Luz, Portugal on 3 May 2007. No trace of her has ever been found. => Topic started by: Jean-Pierre on May 23, 2015, 07:11:46 PM
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This may be relevant to the state of play at the time - 2007.
In January 2008 the CPT visited Portugal and their report was published on 19th March 2009.
A brief extract from the report reads:
11. The CPT’s delegation found a large number of non-standard and unlabelled objects, such as baseball bats, a plastic pistol, telescopic batons and cudgels in the interview rooms of the two Judicial Police stations visited. There is no legitimate reason for such objects to be kept in rooms used for interviewing suspects. Apart from inviting speculation about improper conduct on the part of police officers, objects of this kind are a potential source of danger to staff and criminal suspects alike. All items seized for the purpose of being used as evidence should always be properly labelled, recorded and kept in a dedicated property store, as indicated by the relevant regulation.
On 19 February 2008, the Portuguese authorities informed the CPT by email that the Minister of Justice had ordered the storing and labelling of all unauthorised objects in every Judicial Police station within one month. On 24 April 2008, the CPT received confirmation that the order had been followed up and executed by the Judicial Police. Similar instructions have been issued for the Public Security Police. There was no information available concerning the National Republican Guard.
I would be interested to hear a response from any Portuguese contributors.
8
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This may be relevant to the state of play at the time - 2007.
In January 2008 the CPT visited Portugal and their report was published on 19th March 2009.
A brief extract from the report reads:
11. The CPT’s delegation found a large number of non-standard and unlabelled objects, such as baseball bats, a plastic pistol, telescopic batons and cudgels in the interview rooms of the two Judicial Police stations visited. There is no legitimate reason for such objects to be kept in rooms used for interviewing suspects. Apart from inviting speculation about improper conduct on the part of police officers, objects of this kind are a potential source of danger to staff and criminal suspects alike. All items seized for the purpose of being used as evidence should always be properly labelled, recorded and kept in a dedicated property store, as indicated by the relevant regulation.
On 19 February 2008, the Portuguese authorities informed the CPT by email that the Minister of Justice had ordered the storing and labelling of all unauthorised objects in every Judicial Police station within one month. On 24 April 2008, the CPT received confirmation that the order had been followed up and executed by the Judicial Police. Similar instructions have been issued for the Public Security Police. There was no information available concerning the National Republican Guard.
I would be interested to hear a response from any Portuguese contributors.
I didn't realise the PJ were such baseball fans? 8)-)))
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I didn't realise the PJ were such baseball fans? 8)-)))
Glad to see that a leading light on this forum is able to grace this report with a smiley.
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This may be relevant to the state of play at the time - 2007.
In January 2008 the CPT visited Portugal and their report was published on 19th March 2009.
A brief extract from the report reads:
11. The CPT’s delegation found a large number of non-standard and unlabelled objects, such as baseball bats, a plastic pistol, telescopic batons and cudgels in the interview rooms of the two Judicial Police stations visited. There is no legitimate reason for such objects to be kept in rooms used for interviewing suspects. Apart from inviting speculation about improper conduct on the part of police officers, objects of this kind are a potential source of danger to staff and criminal suspects alike. All items seized for the purpose of being used as evidence should always be properly labelled, recorded and kept in a dedicated property store, as indicated by the relevant regulation.
On 19 February 2008, the Portuguese authorities informed the CPT by email that the Minister of Justice had ordered the storing and labelling of all unauthorised objects in every Judicial Police station within one month. On 24 April 2008, the CPT received confirmation that the order had been followed up and executed by the Judicial Police. Similar instructions have been issued for the Public Security Police. There was no information available concerning the National Republican Guard.
I would be interested to hear a response from any Portuguese contributors.
JP. Who and what are CPT? Remember your English teacher telling you' full name' THEN abbreviations! lol
I find that extremely worrying, and can't believe no one questioned the reasons for those items being there...about the caps? relevance?
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I didn't realise the PJ were such baseball fans? 8)-)))
Well they weren't, were they. However, who knows? They had to hit someone with something. Or even threaten to.
Not that I am suggesting that anyone got belted by The PJ. But surely these items should have been logged. Which they obviously weren't.
So these items of violence were just left lying around. And no explanation from whence they came.
ORLY.
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It seems there is a culture of violence amongst the Portuguese polce...what's worse is that theya re so open about it because they have been able to get away with it
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It seems there is a culture of violence amongst the Portuguese polce...what's worse is that theya re so open about it because they have been able to get away with it
I think we all know that by now. But it doesn't actually mean that some poor, unsuspecting witness got belted by a baseball bat.
Does it?
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I think we all know that by now. But it doesn't actually mean that some poor, unsuspecting witness got belted by a baseball bat.
Does it?
Maybe they ran out of those hard cardboard tubes
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Well they weren't, were they. However, who knows? They had to hit someone with something. Or even threaten to.
Not that I am suggesting that anyone got belted by The PJ. But surely these items should have been logged. Which they obviously weren't.
So these items of violence were just left lying around. And no explanation from whence they came.
ORLY.
Joking aside, the PJ only had those items in their offices for one reason and that was to use as a weapon. On the UK mainland the police use their truncheon in the same manner if the need arises.
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Joking aside, the PJ only had those items in their offices for one reason and that was to use as a weapon. On the UK mainland the police use their truncheon in the same manner if the need arises.
Ah. I see. British Cops hit suspects with their Truncheons? Do me a favour. Or do you know this to be true?
Me? I would never suggest such a thing. Not even of Amaral or his ilk.
Call me stupid if you like. I always was bit of a pillock.
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As a Portuguese citizen all I can say is that I have never heard of this report and never seen anything about this in the newspapers.
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It seems there is a culture of violence amongst the Portuguese polce...what's worse is that theya re so open about it because they have been able to get away with it
With regard to a culture of violence with police, in the UK, since 1998, there have been 577 deaths in police custody and not one officer has been convicted.
http://www.inquest.org.uk/statistics/deaths-in-police-custody
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As a Portuguese citizen all I can say is that I have never heard of this report and never seen anything about this in the newspapers.
Well, you wouldn't expect to, would you.
If only Amaral hadn't been found Guilty of Perjury. Did they report that in The Newspapers?
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Just to add a bit of balance:
snip<<<<
A team of 30 detectives from the Metropolitan Police, headed by Commander John Cass, conducted an internal investigation of Peach's death. The pathologist's report indicated that Peach's broken skull was not the result of being struck by a truncheon, and he suggested Peach may have been struck by a lead weighted rubber cosh or hosepipe filled with lead shot; unauthorised weapons.[8] Cass' investigation of the Met's Special Patrol Group (SPG) headquarters unearthed a hoard of unauthorised weapons, including various illegal truncheons and knives, two crowbars, a whip, a 3 ft wooden stave, and a lead-weighted leather stick.[8] An officer was discovered attempting to dispose of a metal cosh; however, it was proven not to be the weapon that killed Peach.[8] Another officer was discovered to be a Nazi supporter.[8] It was also uncovered that one officer present at the riots, who was clean shaven on 23 April, decided to grow a beard,[10] whilst another shaved off his moustache which he had sported on 23 April, the day of Peach's death.[11] Another officer refused to participate in an identity parade,[11] and all the police officers' uniforms had been dry cleaned before they were to be inspected.[11] snip>>>>
snip<<<<< The reports into the death of Blair Peach were published on the Metropolitan Police website on 27 April 2010. The conclusion was that Blair Peach was killed by a police officer, but that the other police officers in the same unit had refused to cooperate with the inquiry by lying to investigators,[18] making it impossible to identify the actual killer.[19] snip>>>>
Wait for the posts justifying it or saying how it doesn't count 8(>((
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just to add a little more balance..
Death of a Romani man in police custody in Portugal
10 September 1998
Paul Summers
On the night of June 8, 1994, around 10:30 pm, Mr Romaão Monteiro, a 31-year-old Portuguese Rom known as "Gira", was arrested for possession of heroin during a police raid in a Romani settlement near the hospital Magalhaães Lemos at Oporto. Witnesses claimed that the police opened fire several times and treated Mr Monteiro violently. They also stated that the persons raiding the camp did not identify themselves as police officers. There were several dozen persons involved in the raid, some in uniform, some not. Some of the persons who stormed the camp were carrying machine guns. One woman was subjected to a body search which included inspecting her private parts, in complete disregard of her right to be searched by a policewoman. Police officers also allegedly beat other individuals, including children.
While at the settlement, officers reportedly hit Monteiro with the butt of a handgun. They broke his teeth while interrogating him about the whereabouts of his car. Witnesses also reported that the police smashed his head against the ground and that he was pushed towards the camp fire in order to force him to talk. Mr Monteiro was then taken to Matosinhos Police Station where he died in the early hours of June 9, around 1:00 am, from a gunshot wound to the head. The legal grounds for the police action on the night of June 8 were called into question by the fact that the Romani settlement was outside the jurisdiction of the Matosinhos police force, and the fact that officers reportedly did not produce arrest or search warrants.
The first official version of the incident released by the police claimed that Romaão Monteiro had committed suicide while in custody. He had allegedly had grabbed a police officer's gun and shot himself. Witnesses at the station stated, however, that they had seen Romaão Monteiro go into a room with his hands handcuffed behind his back and that a shot was heard soon thereafter. This was followed by remarks such as: "I've messed up" and "You don't know how to work, you can't do this to a man". The police version of suicide did not convince judicial authorities, who decided to arrest Officer Domingos Antunes, one of the three officers in the room and the person to whom the gun was licensed, on suspicion of homicide. Domingos Antunes was, curiously, not on duty at the time of Mr Monteiro's arrest and at the time when the interrogation took place. His shift was due to start only some time after the incident.
The autopsy on the body of Romaão Monteiro revealed that he could not, in fact, have shot himself as claimed. His hands had no traces of gunpowder on them. With regard to signs of violence the newspapers were contradictory. Weeks after the killing, police still had not changed their initial position that the death was a suicide. No one was ever held accountable for the attempted cover-up, which was rumoured to have received the support of senior officers in the police. During a reconstruction of the crime at the police station on June 15, 1994, a new version of Mr Monteiro's death was put forward: accidental mishandling of the gun was to blame for the death of Romaão Monteiro.
The trial of Domingos Antunes took place during the months of March and April, 1995. Police presence around the court building and Matosinhos Police Station during the trial was unusually high; over one hundred police officers were involved, streets were closed as well as nearby schools, access to the area was restricted and thorough searches were made at the court entrance.
Romaão Monteiro's family lawyers had asked for 12 years imprisonment and a ruling of qualified homicide. After hearing several contradictory versions of the events, the court ruled that the killing had been unintentional and that the death of Romaão Monteiro happened by accident. The version of events which was ultimately accepted by the court was that the Officer Antunes had been summoned the previous day to undergo a dangerous pursuit and had loaded his gun with one bullet. He then later forgot that the gun was loaded. When he pointed the gun at Mr Monteiro and pulled the trigger, he was oblivious to the fact that it was loaded and his aim had only been to frighten. The behaviour before the court of the two other officers present in the room where the killing occurred was shameful. Asked about the events that night, they claimed not to remember crucial details, in obvious solidarity with the accused.
Officer Antunes was convicted of negligent homicide under Article 13, Article 15(b) and Article 136(2) of the Criminal Code, and sentenced to three years imprisonment and expulsion from the police force. Taking into account Officer Antunes alleged remorse, previous good conduct, and this being his first offence, the court ruled that the sentence be suspended for four years. Domingos Antunes walked free after ten months in jail. The prosecution appealed to the High Court, but Officer Antunes was not placed in custody and only had to report to the police periodically.
The High Court ruling was pronounced on December 4, 1995. It decided to reduce the sentence to two years and ten months, and rejected the sentence on expulsion from police service on the grounds that it was not possible for the lower courts to decide upon expulsion from public service under the new penal code that had since come into force. An internal investigation was opened the same month by decision of the Minister of Internal Administration, but in October 1997, Amnesty International (AI) expressed concern that no findings had been made public, as well as the fact that there were indications from authorities that it could take several years before a final decision would be reached. On March 16, 1998, Officer Antunes was reportedly expelled from the police force by decision of the Minister, yet recently a senior police officer stated that Antunes had been transferred to airport service, considered by everyone to be a more prestigious position. According to AI, in August 1998 the officer was thought to be appealing against the decision to the Supreme Administrative Court - if he succeeds, he will be reinstated and compensated for loss of earnings.
Note how the police claimed the man committed suicide.....
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As a Portuguese citizen all I can say is that I have never heard of this report and never seen anything about this in the newspapers.
http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/prt/2009-13-inf-eng.htm#_Toc205803677
I think the difference is that some of us are realistic about the totally unacceptable level of behaviour in certain UK police forces, prisons and detention centres and do not go for the head in the sand, "total denial of any problems" attitude.
In answer to a previous question CPT stands for
European Committee
for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman
or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
Finally, in the interests of balance, here is the link to the equivalent reports for the UK
http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/states/gbr.htm
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Just to add a bit of balance:
snip<<<<
A team of 30 detectives from the Metropolitan Police, headed by Commander John Cass, conducted an internal investigation of Peach's death. The pathologist's report indicated that Peach's broken skull was not the result of being struck by a truncheon, and he suggested Peach may have been struck by a lead weighted rubber cosh or hosepipe filled with lead shot; unauthorised weapons.[8] Cass' investigation of the Met's Special Patrol Group (SPG) headquarters unearthed a hoard of unauthorised weapons, including various illegal truncheons and knives, two crowbars, a whip, a 3 ft wooden stave, and a lead-weighted leather stick.[8] An officer was discovered attempting to dispose of a metal cosh; however, it was proven not to be the weapon that killed Peach.[8] Another officer was discovered to be a Nazi supporter.[8] It was also uncovered that one officer present at the riots, who was clean shaven on 23 April, decided to grow a beard,[10] whilst another shaved off his moustache which he had sported on 23 April, the day of Peach's death.[11] Another officer refused to participate in an identity parade,[11] and all the police officers' uniforms had been dry cleaned before they were to be inspected.[11] snip>>>>
snip<<<<< The reports into the death of Blair Peach were published on the Metropolitan Police website on 27 April 2010. The conclusion was that Blair Peach was killed by a police officer, but that the other police officers in the same unit had refused to cooperate with the inquiry by lying to investigators,[18] making it impossible to identify the actual killer.[19] snip>>>>
Wait for the posts justifying it or saying how it doesn't count 8(>((
You may have a bit of a wait there Alice. I have not seen anyone defending the shameful record of the UK police, and the treatment of some in custody or detention centres.
However, Portuguese posters have consistently maintained that no problems could possibly occur in Portugal.
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http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/prt/2009-13-inf-eng.htm#_Toc205803677 (http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/prt/2009-13-inf-eng.htm#_Toc205803677)
I think the difference is that some of us are realistic about the totally unacceptable level of behaviour in certain UK police forces, prisons and detention centres and do not go for the head in the sand, "total denial of any problems" attitude.
In answer to a previous question CPT stands for
European Committee
for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman
or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
Finally, in the interests of balance, here is the link to the equivalent reports for the UK
http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/states/gbr.htm (http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/states/gbr.htm)
I was reading all of this report last night. The response of the Portuguese Government is quite interesting JP.
Shame about not wanting to put up CCTV for interrogations!
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I was reading all of this report last night. The response of the Portuguese Government is quite interesting JP.
Shame about not wanting to put up CCTV for interrogations!
I think the reasons are pretty obvious. I believe the "interviews" were not tape recorded either - just a written record. Just like the old days!
Tape and video have made a hell of a difference here.
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Just to add a bit of balance:
snip<<<<
A team of 30 detectives from the Metropolitan Police, headed by Commander John Cass, conducted an internal investigation of Peach's death. The pathologist's report indicated that Peach's broken skull was not the result of being struck by a truncheon, and he suggested Peach may have been struck by a lead weighted rubber cosh or hosepipe filled with lead shot; unauthorised weapons.[8] Cass' investigation of the Met's Special Patrol Group (SPG) headquarters unearthed a hoard of unauthorised weapons, including various illegal truncheons and knives, two crowbars, a whip, a 3 ft wooden stave, and a lead-weighted leather stick.[8] An officer was discovered attempting to dispose of a metal cosh; however, it was proven not to be the weapon that killed Peach.[8] Another officer was discovered to be a Nazi supporter.[8] It was also uncovered that one officer present at the riots, who was clean shaven on 23 April, decided to grow a beard,[10] whilst another shaved off his moustache which he had sported on 23 April, the day of Peach's death.[11] Another officer refused to participate in an identity parade,[11] and all the police officers' uniforms had been dry cleaned before they were to be inspected.[11] snip>>>>
snip<<<<< The reports into the death of Blair Peach were published on the Metropolitan Police website on 27 April 2010. The conclusion was that Blair Peach was killed by a police officer, but that the other police officers in the same unit had refused to cooperate with the inquiry by lying to investigators,[18] making it impossible to identify the actual killer.[19] snip>>>>
Wait for the posts justifying it or saying how it doesn't count 8(>((
What year did this occur?
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What year did this occur?
1979, Alfred.
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1979, Alfred.
I thought so. A significant percentage of the current British police force were not even born when this incident occurred, and appalling as it undoubtedly was, it has no relevance whatsoever to unauthorisrd objects found in PJ interview rooms in the last few years.
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I thought so. A significant percentage of the current British police force were not even born when this incident occurred, and appalling as it undoubtedly was, it has no relevance whatsoever to unauthorisrd objects found in PJ interview rooms in the last few years.
I think the relevance is taking 30 years to own to up to it.
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I think the relevance is taking 30 years to own to up to it.
So the British Police taking 30 years to own up to the death of Blair Peach is relevant to the subject of unauthorised items found in police interview rooms in Portugal in the 21st century because...?
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... in the interview rooms of the two Judicial Police stations visited...
Were the two police stations selected for inspection because of serious complaints about them, or were the two police stations chosen randomly?
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Were the two police stations selected for inspection because of serious complaints about them, or were the two police stations chosen randomly?
The usual CPT rules are that a number of establishments are chosen at random from a complete list provided by the authorities. These are then subject to inspection.
In addition, places where particular problems have occurred can also be selected. In this case, some reference may be made in the report to previous concerns or complaints.
The inspections are very thorough - it is one of the things the EU actually does rather well.
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Do we have any figures for death in custody in Portugal and the reason for the deaths. From what I can see many deaths in the UK are due to restraint. Uk police would not dare to use the level of violence seen in the Cipriano case and have to resort to restraint which can be far more dangerous to a really agitated, powerful prisoner.
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Do we have any figures for death in custody in Portugal and the reason for the deaths. From what I can see many deaths in the UK are due to restraint. Uk police would not dare to use the level of violence seen in the Cipriano case and have to resort to restraint which can be far more dangerous to a really agitated, powerful prisoner.
Restraint ???
Time for research dave.
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Restraint ???
Time for research dave.
You only have to look at the cases to see that what I am saying is true...do you understand what restraint is?
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You only have to look at the cases to see that what I am saying is true...do you understand what restraint is?
Indeed I do.
Unfortunately, perhaps you should read up on cases of UK Police brutality.
and don't say it doesn't happen.
Just to get started...............
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_police_brutality_in_the_United_Kingdom
and
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/over-3000-police-officers-being-investigated-for-alleged-assault--and-almost-all-of-them-are-still-on-the-beat-10220091.html
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Indeed I do.
Unfortunately, perhaps you should read up on cases of UK Police brutality.
and don't say it doesn't happen.
Just to get started...............
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cases_of_police_brutality_in_the_United_Kingdom
and
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/over-3000-police-officers-being-investigated-for-alleged-assault--and-almost-all-of-them-are-still-on-the-beat-10220091.html
of course the re are cases of police brutality in the UK...Montclair raised the issue of deaths in custody in the uk and that's what I was commenting on. these figures seem to include suicides, death by natural causes, death in car chases.....In the others restraint plays a large role
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With regard to a culture of violence with police, in the UK, since 1998, there have been 577 deaths in police custody and not one officer has been convicted.
http://www.inquest.org.uk/statistics/deaths-in-police-custody
According to the Guardian there have been 333 deaths in custody in the past 11 years.....
Out of the total of 333 deaths, 87 people had been restrained, most commonly being physically held down by officers. In 16 of those cases, restraint was linked directly to the death, and four were classed as "positional asphyxia".
The majority were from natural causes, with nearly three-quarters relating to drug or alcohol abuse. The report questioned whether those arrested for being very inebriated should be taken to alternative facilities, such as the "drunk tanks" introduced in Scotland. It called on the Home Office and Department of Health to pilot facilities with medical care to replace police cells.
so the majority from natural causes involving alcohol or drug abuse....rather puts things into perspective
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of course the re are cases of police brutality in the UK...Montclair raised the issue of deaths in custody in the uk and that's what I was commenting on. these figures seem to include suicides, death by natural causes, death in car chases.....In the others restraint plays a large role
Was restraint an issue here ?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-10723274
Check the history of the 'officer' involved.
He had a history of violent conduct.
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Was restraint an issue here ?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-10723274
Check the history of the 'officer' involved.
He had a history of violent conduct.
No ...pre existing medical conditions were...you need to read the whole article..
The first examination by Dr Freddy Patel - currently under investigation for alleged misconduct over four unrelated post-mortem examinations - found he died of natural causes linked to coronary artery disease.
The second pathologist, Dr Nat Cary, found he died of internal bleeding as a result of blunt force trauma, in combination with cirrhosis of the liver.
the man was pushed over and died as aresult...is this your best example of police brutality
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This may be relevant to the state of play at the time - 2007.
In January 2008 the CPT visited Portugal and their report was published on 19th March 2009.
A brief extract from the report reads:
11. The CPT’s delegation found a large number of non-standard and unlabelled objects, such as baseball bats, a plastic pistol, telescopic batons and cudgels in the interview rooms of the two Judicial Police stations visited. There is no legitimate reason for such objects to be kept in rooms used for interviewing suspects. Apart from inviting speculation about improper conduct on the part of police officers, objects of this kind are a potential source of danger to staff and criminal suspects alike. All items seized for the purpose of being used as evidence should always be properly labelled, recorded and kept in a dedicated property store, as indicated by the relevant regulation.
On 19 February 2008, the Portuguese authorities informed the CPT by email that the Minister of Justice had ordered the storing and labelling of all unauthorised objects in every Judicial Police station within one month. On 24 April 2008, the CPT received confirmation that the order had been followed up and executed by the Judicial Police. Similar instructions have been issued for the Public Security Police. There was no information available concerning the National Republican Guard.
I would be interested to hear a response from any Portuguese contributors.
8
That's all good fuel for the xenophobes but it has absolutely nothing to do with the McCann case, J-P.
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No ...pre existing medical conditions were...you need to read the whole article..
The first examination by Dr Freddy Patel - currently under investigation for alleged misconduct over four unrelated post-mortem examinations - found he died of natural causes linked to coronary artery disease.
The second pathologist, Dr Nat Cary, found he died of internal bleeding as a result of blunt force trauma, in combination with cirrhosis of the liver.
the man was pushed over and died as aresult...is this your best example of police brutality
The officer involved was a thug and he beat Tomlinson.
Perhaps you should take a look at the video.
As to police brutality, just look at what happened in the miners strike.
and there are many more.
Now I wonder how the number of incidents of police brutality in the UK square up to Portugal.
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The officer involved was a thug and he beat Tomlinson.
Perhaps you should take a look at the video.
As to police brutality, just look at what happened in the miners strike.
and there are many more.
Now I wonder how the number of incidents of police brutality in the UK square up to Portugal.
as someone who understands statistics I would say it would be impossible to make a true comparison
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as someone who understands statistics I would say it would be impossible to make a true comparison
I understand stats too dave.
It's part of my job.
So why can't a comparison be made then ?
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I understand stats too dave.
It's part of my job.
So why can't a comparison be made then ?
don't you understand
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don't you understand
I understand perfectly clearly you like to denigrate the PJ, whilst singing the praises of the UK police.
Unfortunately dave, it won't wash.
Unlike cuddle cat. 8(0(*
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The usual CPT rules are that a number of establishments are chosen at random from a complete list provided by the authorities. These are then subject to inspection.
In addition, places where particular problems have occurred can also be selected. In this case, some reference may be made in the report to previous concerns or complaints.
The inspections are very thorough - it is one of the things the EU actually does rather well.
Thanks for that very good answer.
I think this is important, how the stations were chosen.
Let's imagine there are 200 PJ stations.
If the 2 stations were selected deliberately because of known problems, the statistical result is that 2 out of 200 stations have this problem. 1%.
If the 2 stations were chosen truly randomly, then the statistical result, I don't know how to work it out, would be probably be something like an estimate over 50% of all stations having this problem if you see what I mean?
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I understand stats too dave.
It's part of my job.
So why can't a comparison be made then ?
I would be interested in that too.