That being the case is there any evidence of Sheila exhibiting any of these attributes as a parent?
Our Maltreatment Pathway Model (see diagram) and the Assessment of Disorganised Attachment and Maltreatment (Adam) Project is already helping professionals feel more confident when assessing why it is that some parents abuse their children. The model identifies three key predictors of maltreatment signalled by parental behaviour, alongside one child-related indicator of maltreatment, namely disorganised attachment.
The three key predictors of maltreatment from the parents’ behaviour are:
● Unresolved loss and trauma (see Madigan et al, 2006). This refers to significantly repressed or denied interpersonal losses which re-emerge under conditions reminding a parent of their own vulnerability. Caring for infants and toddlers is one such condition. Unresolved loss and trauma may be accompanied by dissociative experiences such as “blanking out”; often a person will also experience symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder.
● Disconnected and extremely insensitive parenting (Out et al, 2009). A consequence of unresolved loss and trauma is that parenting includes sudden changes in behaviour which are neither accompanied by explanatory gestures or vocalisations, nor by signs of affection or playfulness. Such disconnected parenting also includes frightened or frightening behaviour and disruptive emotional communication. Extremely insensitive parenting denotes caregiving that is excessively withdrawn and neglectful or, conversely, over-intrusive and aggressive, typically involving rough handling and hostile language (Lyons-Ruth and Jacobvitz, 2008).
● Low parental mentalisation and reflective function (see Allen et al, 2008; Fonagy and Target, 2005). This is a significantly reduced ability to appreciate that others have different intentions and feelings from one’s own. An example of low reflective function is the mother who didn’t see why, on a cold morning, she needed to put her one-year old son’s shoes and socks on because “my feet are like toast”. Parents with low reflective function often speak about their babies ”hating them”. Such misattributions are found among parents who maltreat their children (Allen et al, 2008; Crittenden, 2008; Slade, 2008).